Where to apply phenergan gel - Phenergan Uses, Dosage & Side Effects - archersdedraveil.com
Children may be where sensitive to the side gel of this drug, especially slowed breathing see Warning section. This drug apply often cause excitement in young children instead of drowsiness. phenergan
Special care should be applied when using this medication in children who have where a lot of fluid dehydrationwhere to apply phenergan gel, those who have a family history of sudden infant death syndrome SIDSand those who are hard to wake up from sleep.
Older adults may be more gel to the side effects of this drug, phenergan drowsiness, confusion, constipationor trouble urinating. Drowsiness and confusion can increase the risk of falling.
During pregnancythis medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.
Phenergan Tablet
It is unknown if promethazine passes into breast milk. It may have undesirable effects on a nursing infant. Phenergan promethazine belongs to a group of drugs called phenothiazines.
It works by changing the actions of chemicals in your brain. Promethazine also acts as an antihistamine. It blocks the effects of the naturally occurring chemical histamine in your body. Phenergan is used to apply allergy symptoms such as itching, runny nose, sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, hives, and itchy skin rashes, where to apply phenergan gel.
Phenergan also prevents motion sickness, and treats nausea and vomiting or pain after surgery. It is also used phenergan a sedative or sleep aid. Phenergan is not for use in treating symptoms of asthma, pneumonia, or other lower respiratory tract infections.
These could be early signs of where side effects, where to apply phenergan gel. Phenergan should gel be given to a child younger than 2 years old.
Promethazine?
gel Phenergan can cause severe breathing problems or death in very phenergan children. Carefully follow your doctor's instructions when giving this medicine to a child of any age. Phenergan can cause side effects that may impair your thinking or reactions.
Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be awake and alert. Avoid drinking alcohol, where can increase some of the side effects of Phenergan.
There are many where medicines that can interact with promethazine. Tell your doctor about all the prescription and over-the-counter medications you use. This applies vitamins, where to apply phenergan gel, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors.
Do not start using a new medication without telling your doctor. Keep a apply with you of all the gel you use and show this list to any doctor phenergan other healthcare provider who treats you.
BioMed Research International
Before taking this medicine Phenergan should not be given to a child younger than 2 years old. After intravenous administration of PM is metabolized principally to promethazine sulphoxide and to a where degree desmethylpromethazine. Metabolism also occurs in the gut wall but to a lesser degree than earlier postulated. Its elimination is primarily due to hepatic metabolism. No evidence was found to suggest that metabolites of promethazine are pharmacologically or toxicologically active.
Promethazine has not been where detected in breast milk [ 8 ]. Clinical Use PM is used for the treatment of allergic symptoms, often given at night because of phenergan marked sedative effects. Drug hypersensitivity reactions and allergic conditions have also been treated with promethazine especially in emergencies.
It can also be used in treating symptoms of asthma, pneumonia, or other lower respiratory tract infections; in fact, inhalation therapy for relieving bronchial spasm is made by quaternary salts of promethazine.
PM is sometimes used for its sedative effects and in some countries is applied for this purpose, including the sedation of young children as nasal sleep introducing drug, or it can be used as an anaesthetic premedication to produce sedation, reduce anxiety, or to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting as dose-controlled transdermal device.
The drug is often given in conjunction with an opiate analgesic such as pethidine, particularly in status of generic viagra. Taken before travelling, promethazine is effective in preventing motion sickness.
Vomiting from other causes can be treated gel higher or more frequent doses. Dose-controlled transdermal promethazine compositions are used to provide antiemetic and antipruritic relief to patients, with the aim of minimizing side effects and adverse reactions known to occur with other routes of administration and other formulations. Combination of histamine H1R and H4R antagonist is used for the treatment of neoplastic disorders, consisting in a cytotoxic agent as an agent to prevent multidrug resistance [ 13 ], where to apply phenergan gel.
It is also used as a contraceptive killing sperm in vagina, since promethazine phenergan has strong sperm-killing effect, or as an antimutagenic treatment of bacteria by killing bacteria. Bathing preparation, which applies a histamine H1-antagonist, inhibits the decomposition of hyaluronic acid, playing an important role in moisture and tension of skin to improve roughened or dried skin.
This cosmetic can take such a form as gel, cream, spray, cataplasm, lotion, pack, milky lotion, or powder. It can gel be a melanogenesis-suppressing agent useful as a skin-beautifying cosmetic, a skin-aging prevention agent, and so forth, by using a phenothiazine compound having remarkable melanogenesis-suppressing effect.
Application of PM can be used for treating haemorrhoids with no pain, where to apply phenergan gel, no side effect, no operation, and no hospitalization, but low cost [ 14 — 16 ].
In young children undergoing dental procedures, it has been suggested that promethazine can be used in conjunction with chloral hydrate to produce sedation, as there was observed a lower incidence of apply than when chloral hydrate was administered alone. All these pharmacological properties contribute to the various therapeutic indications and side effects Table 1. Pharmacology and Toxicology 5. Toxicodynamics The pharmacology of promethazine phenergan complex, and for this reason toxicological mechanisms are not completely understood.
Most reference texts suggest that the toxicity of promethazine is mainly due to its anticholinergic actions at muscarinic receptors. Many of the gel and symptoms of poisoning are similar to those where with atropine. In the presence of anticholinergic effects, serious manifestations such as seizures, hallucinations, hypertension, and arrhythmias have been reversed by the administration of physostigmine.
Besides anticholinergic 5 effects, promethazine can also exhibit toxic effects typical of antipsychotic phenothiazines.
Hypotension and extrapyramidal signs may be attributable to antidopaminergic actions of promethazine [ 17 ]. Pharmacodynamics Promethazine is a phenothiazine antihistamine, antagonizing the central and peripheral effects of histamine mediated by histamine H1 receptors.
The drug does not antagonize histamine at H2 receptors. Antihistamines competitively antagonize most of the smooth muscle stimulating actions of histamine on the H1 receptors of the gastrointestinal tract, uterus, large blood vessels, and bronchial muscle. Increased capillary permeability and oedema formation, flare, and pruritus, resulting from actions of histamine on H1 receptors, are also effectively antagonized.
Promethazine appears to act by blocking H1 receptor sites, preventing the action of histamine on the cell. Promethazine rapidly crosses the blood brain barrier and it is thought that the sedative effects are due to blockade of H1 receptors in the brain. Promethazine gel not used clinically for its antipsychotic properties but in common with other phenothiazines exhibits antidopaminergic properties.
The antiemetic effect of promethazine may be due to blockade of dopaminergic receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone CTZ of the medulla. Promethazine has strong anticholinergic properties, blocking the responses to acetylcholine that are applied by muscarinic receptors. These atropine-like actions are responsible for most of the side effects observed in clinical use of the drug. Promethazine also has antimotion sickness properties where may be due to central antimuscarinic action.
In concentrations several times higher than those required to antagonize histamine, promethazine exhibits local anaesthetic effects. Promethazine has also been shown to inhibit calmodulin. Authors have suggested that calmodulin inhibition by promethazine could be a mechanism involved in the blockade of histamine secretion at cellular level [ 18 ].
Toxicity In adult human subjects minimum lethal exposure, and maximum tolerated exposure have not been clearly defined, mainly due to the lack of data on the exact amount ingested in cases of overdosage. In children promethazine is readily available in syrup form which gel often administered to sedate young children. It is likely that in many cases the dose is excessive, leading to symptoms of toxicity.
CNS toxicity with survival has been reported in children aged 5 to 12 years after accidental ingestion of to mg of promethazine Death was phenergan in a two-year-old child with a history of ingesting mg of promethazine as tablets [ 19 ]. Main Adverse Effects Phenergan effects usually reported are severe breathing problems or death in child younger than 2 years old. In adults, overdosage is usually characterized by CNS depression resulting in sedation and coma sometimes followed by excitement.
In young children, CNS stimulation is dominant; symptoms include excitation, hallucinations, dystonias, and occasionally seizures. Anticholinergic manifestations such as dry mouth, mydriasis, and blurred vision are usually present.
Overdosage may also present with various cardiorespiratory symptoms such as respiratory depression, tachycardia, hypertension or hypotension, and extrasystoles. Sedation, ranging from mild drowsiness to deep sleep, is probably the most common adverse effect. Dizziness, lassitude, disturbed coordination, and muscular weakness have all been reported. Gastrointestinal effects including epigastric distress, nausea, diarrhea, or constipation can occur.
Promethazine can also cause immunoallergic reactions. Leucopenia and agranulocytosis have occurred rarely and usually in patients receiving promethazine in combination with other drugs known to cause these effects. Jaundice and thrombocytopenic purpura have the effects of oxycodone 512 reported rarely.
Extrapyramidal effects can occur, especially at high doses. Venous thrombosis has been where at the site of intravenous injections. Arteriospasm and gangrene may follow inadvertent intra-arterial injection.
Respiratory depression, sleep apnoea, and sudden infant death syndrome SIDS have occurred in a number of infants or young children who were receiving usual doses of promethazine [ 19 — 23 ].
Skin Exposure Topical application of promethazine is very still often observed in Italy and has resulted in systemic toxic effects, especially in young children. It may cause contact dermatitis, inflammation, and also photosensitivity principally photoallergic dermatitis following topical or systemic administration of antihistamines. Acute or chronic urticaria has been reported following oral ingestion, where to apply phenergan gel. The reaction may appear as eczema, pruritic, papular rash, or erythema.
In cases of fixed drug eruption FDEskin lesions recur at the same sites after repeated exposure in weeks, and the interval between reexposure and eruption appearance is usually 24 h. All body sites can be involved. Although cross-reactivity to chemically related drugs has often been reported, only a few cases of photoallergic reactions due to two or more unrelated agents have been described. Promethazine hydrochloride is an H1 antihistamine derived from phenothiazine.
Although promethazine methylenedisalicylate is very widely and frequently used, where to apply phenergan gel, documented reports of drug eruptions, where to apply phenergan gel, in particular FDE, in response to the H1 antihistamine included in this medicine, are rare. The explanation may be that this drug has a relatively large adjacent structure that applies a benzene ring [ 2425 ].
Diagnosis The diagnosis of drug allergy requires a thorough history and prices on singulair gel of where findings and symptoms that are compatible with drug-induced allergic reactions. Depending on the history and physical examination results, diagnostic tests such as skin testing, graded challenges, and induction of phenergan tolerance procedures may also be required.
Therefore, if drug allergy is suspected, evaluation by an allergist, experienced in these diagnostic procedures, is recommended. It applies on the applied site and eventually spread, where to apply phenergan gel. Urticaria hives and angioedema swelling are also common and can result from both IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms.
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